Welcome back! I hope you have had some rest and you are ready to start again.
We are going to begin with the use of the passive voice with reporting verbs.
This grammar point is not on your textbook and this is why I'm going to give you a brief explanation here.
PASSIVE VOICE WITH REPORTING VERBS
The passive is often used with say, believe, think, know, understand, claim, suppose, report and similar verbs used in reporting speech.
For example:
People say that John Wilson lives in New York.
There are two ways to make this sentence passive:
1) It is said that John Wilson lives in New York
("Se dice que John Wilson vive en Nueva York")
2) John Wilson is said to live in New York
(Esta segunda opción no existe en español. Su traducción sería algo así como "John Wilson es dicho de vivir en Nueva York", frase imposible en nuestro idioma).
In the second case, the infinitive in the subordinate depends on the original tense.
Active ---------> Passive
Present simple --------> TO-infinitive
People think that he is very rich --------> He is thought to be very rich
Will -------------> To-infinitive
They expect that oil prices will rise ---------> Oil prices are expected to rise.
Be going to -----------------> To-infinitive
They expect that the team is going to win the competition again ---------> The team is expected to win the competition again.
Past simple ------------------> TO HAVE + PARTICIPLE
People say that the situation was very difficult -----------> The situation is said to have been very difficult.
Present Perfect ----------------> TO HAVE+ PARTICIPLE
People say that they have broken up --------> They are said to have broken up.
Present Continuous --------------> TO BE + V-ing
We believe that the situation is improving -----------> The situation is believed to be improving.
Past continuous ------------------> TO HAVE BEEN + V-ing
They claim that oxygen levels were declining -----------> Oxygen levels are claimed to have been declining.
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